Sorry, only in italian. A short list of resources to know some basics of who, when, where, what of Internet history. Note, most linked resources are in english.
WP, Block editor vs. Content Editor
Courier Mail Server
Personal memo on how I did install a working mail server Courier on my personal desktop machine, a Fedora 26 one.
-
- My goals:
- to retrieve mail from my remote server (managed by a professional provider). I do that by
fetchmail
, and it transfers mails tocourier
; - to manage mails by
courier
as my local mail server, in particular to be able to check them by the bundled webmailSqWebMail
; - to download mails by my local mail client (Evolution) from the local mail server. To do that,
courier
needs to listen to a pop3 port;
Let’s see how I did
- to retrieve mail from my remote server (managed by a professional provider). I do that by
- I downloaded the following four tarball source codes:
1234courier-0.78.2.tar.bz2courier-authlib-0.68.0.tar.bz2courier-sox-0.12.tar.bz2courier-unicode-2.0.tar.bz2
rpmbuild -ta
each of them:1234rpmbuild -ta courier-0.78.2.tar.bz2rpmbuild -ta courier-authlib-0.68.0.tar.bz2rpmbuild -ta courier-sox-0.12.tar.bz2rpmbuild -ta courier-unicode-2.0.tar.bz2Note: I was installing as root, but at some point I was asked to shift to a non-admin system user, say user myself (I do not remember when/why)
Note: I had missing dependencies; I could install every missing package bydnf install <package>
. Among other, I needed:123456789101112131415dnf update perldnf install perl-Net-CIDRdnf install perl-CGIdnf install groffdnf install libidn-develdnf install mgetty-sendfaxdnf info perl-ExtUtils-Embeddnf install gamin-develdnf install expectdnf install gdbm-develdnf install openldap-develdnf install sqlite-develdnf install postgresql-develdnf install pam-develdnf install mariadb-devel- hence, root and myself’s RPMS folders contain:
1234567891011121314151617/root/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/courier-authlib-0.68.0-1.fc26.x86_64.rpm/root/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/courier-authlib-debuginfo-0.68.0-1.fc26.x86_64.rpm/root/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/courier-authlib-devel-0.68.0-1.fc26.x86_64.rpm/root/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/courier-authlib-ldap-0.68.0-1.fc26.x86_64.rpm/root/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/courier-authlib-mysql-0.68.0-1.fc26.x86_64.rpm/root/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/courier-authlib-pgsql-0.68.0-1.fc26.x86_64.rpm/root/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/courier-authlib-pipe-0.68.0-1.fc26.x86_64.rpm/root/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/courier-authlib-sqlite-0.68.0-1.fc26.x86_64.rpm/root/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/courier-authlib-userdb-0.68.0-1.fc26.x86_64.rpm/root/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/courier-sox-0.12-1.fc26.x86_64.rpm/root/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/courier-sox-debuginfo-0.12-1.fc26.x86_64.rpm/root/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/courier-sox-devel-0.12-1.fc26.x86_64.rpm/root/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/courier-sox-server-0.12-1.fc26.x86_64.rpm/root/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/courier-sox-utils-0.12-1.fc26.x86_64.rpm/root/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/courier-unicode-2.0-1.fc26.x86_64.rpm/root/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/courier-unicode-debuginfo-2.0-1.fc26.x86_64.rpm/root/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/courier-unicode-devel-2.0-1.fc26.x86_64.rpm1234567891011121314/home/myself/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/courier-0.78.2-1.fc26.x86_64.rpm/home/myself/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/courier-debuginfo-0.78.2-1.fc26.x86_64.rpm/home/myself/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/courier-fax-0.78.2-1.fc26.x86_64.rpm/home/myself/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/courier-imapd-0.78.2-1.fc26.x86_64.rpm/home/myself/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/courier-ldap-0.78.2-1.fc26.x86_64.rpm/home/myself/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/courier-maildrop-0.78.2-1.fc26.x86_64.rpm/home/myself/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/courier-maildrop-wrapper-0.78.2-1.fc26.x86_64.rpm/home/myself/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/courier-mlm-0.78.2-1.fc26.x86_64.rpm/home/myself/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/courier-mlm-web-0.78.2-1.fc26.x86_64.rpm/home/myself/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/courier-mysql-0.78.2-1.fc26.x86_64.rpm/home/myself/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/courier-pgsql-0.78.2-1.fc26.x86_64.rpm/home/myself/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/courier-pop3d-0.78.2-1.fc26.x86_64.rpm/home/myself/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/courier-webadmin-0.78.2-1.fc26.x86_64.rpm/home/myself/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/courier-webmail-0.78.2-1.fc26.x86_64.rpm
and I could
rpm -ivh
all the rpm’s:1rpm -ivh courier-authlib-0.68.0-1.fc26.x86_64.rpm courier-authlib-debuginfo-0.68.0-1.fc26.x86_64.rpm courier-authlib-devel-0.68.0-1.fc26.x86_64.rpm courier-authlib-ldap-0.68.0-1.fc26.x86_64.rpm courier-authlib-mysql-0.68.0-1.fc26.x86_64.rpm courier-authlib-pgsql-0.68.0-1.fc26.x86_64.rpm courier-authlib-pipe-0.68.0-1.fc26.x86_64.rpm courier-authlib-sqlite-0.68.0-1.fc26.x86_64.rpm courier-authlib-userdb-0.68.0-1.fc26.x86_64.rpm1rpm -ivh courier-sox-0.12-1.fc26.x86_64.rpm courier-sox-debuginfo-0.12-1.fc26.x86_64.rpm courier-sox-devel-0.12-1.fc26.x86_64.rpm courier-sox-server-0.12-1.fc26.x86_64.rpm courier-sox-utils-0.12-1.fc26.x86_64.rpm1rpm -ivh courier-0.78.2-1.fc26.x86_64.rpm courier-debuginfo-0.78.2-1.fc26.x86_64.rpm courier-fax-0.78.2-1.fc26.x86_64.rpm courier-ldap-0.78.2-1.fc26.x86_64.rpm courier-maildrop-0.78.2-1.fc26.x86_64.rpm courier-maildrop-wrapper-0.78.2-1.fc26.x86_64.rpm courier-mlm-0.78.2-1.fc26.x86_64.rpm courier-mlm-web-0.78.2-1.fc26.x86_64.rpm courier-mysql-0.78.2-1.fc26.x86_64.rpm courier-mysql-0.78.2-1.fc26.x86_64.rpm courier-pgsql-0.78.2-1.fc26.x86_64.rpm courier-pop3d-0.78.2-1.fc26.x86_64.rpm courier-webadmin-0.78.2-1.fc26.x86_64.rpm courier-webmail-0.78.2-1.fc26.x86_64.rpmNote: for courier-unicode, a older version seems to be sitting on Fedora 26, so first I needed to:
1rpm -e courier-unicode-devel-1.4-4.fc26.x86_64then
123rpm -Uvh courier-unicode-debuginfo-2.0-1.fc26.x86_64.rpmrpm -Uvh courier-unicode-devel-2.0-1.fc26.x86_64.rpmrpm -Uvh courier-unicode-2.0-1.fc26.x86_64.rp - Now I had to define my mail users. I followed instruction at A simple userdb setup: it is asked to create a system user, say
vmail
; I did that.
I created file:12# cp /dev/null /etc/authlib/userdb# chmod 700 /etc/authlib/userdb(note, for some reason, on my machine it did not work with file at
/usr/local/etc/authlib/userdb
)
I retrieved info aboutvmail
by (check vmail line):1pw2userdband wrote them within
/etc/authlib/userdb
:12vmail uid=1001|gid=1001|home=/home/vmail|shell=/bin/bash|systempw=$ <em>long long long pw</em>1001= vmailfor each of my users, I created MailDir:
123456# su vmail$ cd ~vmail$ mkdir myuser_mydomain_glt$ maildirmake myuser_mydomain_glt/Maildir$ exit#and wrote the relevant line of info within
/etc/authlib/userdb
(note I use gid, uid as vmail’s ones)1myuser@mydomain_glt gid=1001|home=/home/vmail/myuser_mydomain_glt|uid=1001to include the password I launched
1userdbpw | userdb "myuser@mydomain_glt" set systempwinserted the password at the prompt and got the file overwritten as
1myuser@mydomain_glt systempw= short pw|gid=1001|home=/home/vmail/myuser_mydomain_glt|uid=1001 - I still needed to define the hosted domain. I looked for file
/etc/courier/hosteddomains/hosteddomains
, wrote therein the linemydomain.glt
, and launched1/usr/lib/courier/sbin/makehosteddomains - there was still a last step: to select Courier’s
sendmail
as the preferred mta (since Fedora seems to be shipped withpostfix
and originalsendmail
too)1alternatives --set mta /usr/lib/courier/bin/sendmailI may check with (long output is not pasted)
1alternatives --display mta - Now I may launch the program I wish to use:
123/usr/lib/courier/sbin/courier start <<<< mail server/usr/lib/courier/sbin/pop3d start <<<< to listen to my email client/usr/lib/courier/libexec/courier/sqwebmaild <<<< to get into the webmail
Also, I may check:
1authtest myuser@mydomain_glt123456789Authentication succeeded.Authenticated: myuser@mydomain.glt (uid 1001, gid 1001)Home Directory: /home/vmail/myuser_mydomain_gltMaildir: (none)Quota: (none)Encrypted Password: <em>short pw</em>Cleartext Password: (none)Options: (none)If I try to ship a mail by
1echo "Subject: hello world" | sendmail myuser@mydomanin.gtlI may check that it pops up within the MailDir
and I see it from within the webmail, at urlhttp://localhost/cgi-bin/webmail?index=1
Note: if you get a error msg, try >> setenforce Permissive.
- To download mail from the remote server, I use
fetchmail
. It needs a config file.fetchmailrc
(to be saved within the main vmail folder) whose content is:1234set daemon 600poll pop3.mydomain.gtl protocol pop3 port 110 username "myuser@mydomain.gtl" password "remote server pw" mda "/usr/lib/courier/bin/sendmail -i -f %F -- %T" is "myuser@mydomain.gtl" here;[similar for any other mail accounts]set syslog set logfile "/home/vmail/logs/fetchmail.log" - last but not least, I wish to launch all I need at booting. This seems has to be done by creating files .desktop under the
/root/.config/autostart/
folder
whose content is, say forcourier.desktop
and similarly for the other ones.
- My goals:
- I downloaded the following five tarball sources:
12345courier-1.0.5.tar.bz2courier-imap-5.0.5.tar.bz2courier-unicode-2.1.tar.bz2courier-authlib-0.69.0.tar.bz2courier-sox-0.12.tar.bz2 (I am not sure I needed this one)
- them I build and rpm as it follows
1234567891011rpmbuild -ta courier-unicode-2.1.tar.bz2 >>> to rpm unicode, you need to remove installed unicode and unicode-devel packegesrpm -e courier-unicode-develrpm -e courier-unicoderpm -ivh courier-unicode-2.1-1.fc29.x86_64.rpm courier-unicode-debuginfo-2.1-1.fc29.x86_64.rpm courier-unicode-debugsource-2.1-1.fc29.x86_64.rpm courier-unicode-devel-2.1-1.fc29.x86_64.rpmrpmbuild -ta courier-authlib-0.69.0.tar.bz2 >>> authlib asks for unicoderpm -ivh courier-authlib-0.69.0-1.fc29.x86_64.rpm courier-authlib-mysql-0.69.0-1.fc29.x86_64.rpm courier-authlib-sqlite-debuginfo-0.69.0-1.fc29.x86_64.rpm courier-authlib-debuginfo-0.69.0-1.fc29.x86_64.rpm courier-authlib-mysql-debuginfo-0.69.0-1.fc29.x86_64.rpm courier-authlib-userdb-0.69.0-1.fc29.x86_64.rpm courier-authlib-debugsource-0.69.0-1.fc29.x86_64.rpm courier-authlib-pgsql-0.69.0-1.fc29.x86_64.rpm courier-authlib-userdb-debuginfo-0.69.0-1.fc29.x86_64.rpm courier-authlib-devel-0.69.0-1.fc29.x86_64.rpm courier-authlib-pgsql-debuginfo-0.69.0-1.fc29.x86_64.rpm courier-authlib-devel-debuginfo-0.69.0-1.fc29.x86_64.rpm courier-authlib-pipe-0.69.0-1.fc29.x86_64.rpm courier-authlib-ldap-0.69.0-1.fc29.x86_64.rpm courier-authlib-pipe-debuginfo-0.69.0-1.fc29.x86_64.rpm courier-authlib-ldap-debuginfo-0.69.0-1.fc29.x86_64.rpm courier-authlib-sqlite-0.69.0-1.fc29.x86_64.rpmrpmbuild -ta courier-imap-5.0.5.tar.bz2rpmbuild -ta --define 'notice_option --with-notice=unicode' courier-1.0.5.tar.bz2rpm -e courier-mysql-0.78.2-1.fc26.x86_64rpm -e courier-pgsql-0.78.2-1.fc26.x86_64rpm -ivh courier-1.0.5-1.fc29.x86_64.rpm courier-mlm-web-1.0.5-1.fc29.x86_64.rpm courier-mlm-web-debuginfo-1.0.5-1.fc29.x86_64.rpm courier-mysql-1.0.5-1.fc29.x86_64.rpm courier-debuginfo-1.0.5-1.fc29.x86_64.rpm courier-pgsql-1.0.5-1.fc29.x86_64.rpm courier-debugsource-1.0.5-1.fc29.x86_64.rpm courier-pop3d-1.0.5-1.fc29.x86_64.rpm courier-fax-1.0.5-1.fc29.x86_64.rpm courier-pop3d-debuginfo-1.0.5-1.fc29.x86_64.rpm courier-imapd-1.0.5-1.fc29.x86_64.rpm courier-imapd-debuginfo-1.0.5-1.fc29.x86_64.rpm courier-ldap-1.0.5-1.fc29.x86_64.rpm courier-ldap-debuginfo-1.0.5-1.fc29.x86_64.rpm courier-maildrop-1.0.5-1.fc29.x86_64.rpm courier-webadmin-1.0.5-1.fc29.x86_64.rpm courier-maildrop-debuginfo-1.0.5-1.fc29.x86_64.rpm courier-webadmin-debuginfo-1.0.5-1.fc29.x86_64.rpm courier-maildrop-wrapper-1.0.5-1.fc29.x86_64.rpm courier-webmail-1.0.5-1.fc29.x86_64.rpm courier-mlm-1.0.5-1.fc29.x86_64.rpm courier-webmail-debuginfo-1.0.5-1.fc29.x86_64.rpm courier-mlm-debuginfo-1.0.5-1.fc29.x86_64.rpm
- luckly, maildirs and users were not erased during the process. I may start services as before, albeit it seems I need to launch courier-authdaemon too:
1234/usr/lib/courier/sbin/courier start/usr/lib/courier/sbin/pop3d start/usr/sbin/authdaemond start/usr/lib/courier/libexec/courier/sqwebmaild
Axigen. Thanks so much!
Mostly for the fun of it, I have been using the Axigen mail server on my personal desktop machine. Indeed, you don’t really need a mail server on a personal machine, but I was curious about it.
After more than ten years, they changed their policy about free license, and so I have to discontinue to use it.
As far as I can say, Axigen is pretty good, it worked seamlessly on my machine, and its GUI is very friendly, powerful I would say. A couple of time I needed help, then forum support was prompt and effective.
So, thanks so much to Axigen and its team. Good luck to you!


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